INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Paradoxically, in the treatment of T1DM rats, the combination of INI and ICP, in contrast to INI monotherapy, did not cause an increase in the gene expression of phosphatase PTP1B, a negative regulator of insulin signaling, which can be considered as one of the mechanisms of the ICP-induced potentiation of the stimulating effects of INI on the brain insulin system [311].