Although the number of enrolled patients of this study was relatively small (46 HCV infection, 20 hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, 8 nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, 8 autoimmune hepatitis, 10 others, and 8 healthy subjects) [18], their results suggested that chronic insults for liver might be associated with PAD2 expression. Here, PADI2 is linked to hepatitis B virus infection.