Despite numerous reports linking obesity to mutations in the BDNF gene or its receptor, and despite the demonstrated association between obesity and a reduction in BDNF protein in the hypothalamus, a meta-analysis (307 obese patients and 236 controls, 517 subjects) showed that circulating BDNF levels in both plasma and serum did not differ between obese patients and the control group, implying that the previously hypothesized use of exogenous BDNF to prevent the deleterious effects of metabolic syndrome needs to be revisited [95]. Here, BDNF is linked to metabolic syndrome.