While in vivo biomarkers have not yet been validated in this pathway, potential candidates include TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and IFN-related genes [145], the levels of the latter in the sera of a general cohort of 451 breast cancer patients being associated with poorer prognosis [146]. The gene discussed is IRF3; the disease is breast carcinoma.