We further illustrated that treatment with Lm-LLO-ISG15 significantly enhanced the infiltration of functional T cells, and reduced the number of Tregs, thus increasing the ratio of Teff/Treg. Our results were consistent with previous studies evaluating the efficacy of Lm-LLO-ISG15 in breast cancer and renal cell carcinoma [39,40]. Here, ISG15 is linked to renal cell carcinoma.