3.1.d—Mutation in NPM1, FLT3 and DNMT3A AML with three-way interaction among NPM1, DNMT3A and FLT3 occurs in around 6% of AML and is characterized by high leukemia stem cell (LSC) frequency, aberrant immunophenotype (with low CD34 and high CD56) and overexpression of hepatic leukemia factor (HLF) [30]. Here, HLF is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.