HIF1A and hepatocellular carcinoma: In hepatocellular carcinoma, CAF-derived CCL5 (also known as RANTES) promotes metastasis by binding to a specific receptor, CCR5, and inhibiting the ubiquitination and degradation of HIF-1α, maintaining HIF-1α even under normoxia, thereby upregulating the downstream gene ZEB1 and inducing EMT [82].