TNF and lymphoma: Anti-TNF monotherapy is associated with a small but statistically significant increased risk for lymphoma compared to exposure to neither medication; the risk is higher with combination therapy (adjusted HR 6.11; 95% CI 3.46–10.8) than with anti-TNF alone (adjusted HR 2.53; 95% CI 1.35–4.77) or thiopurines alone (adjusted HR 2.35; 95% CI 1.31–4.22) [9].