TGFB1 and systemic sclerosis: In this regard, the inhibition of TGFβ signaling exerts potent anti-fibrotic effects, as seen for instance in pulmonary fibrosis and in systemic sclerosis [20,21]; however, since TGFβ is also a negative regulator of the immune response by initiating T cell growth, its targeting has proven to be extremely difficult, if not impossible, in systemic treatment regimens [22,23].