CXCR4 and posterior cortical atrophy: Using IF for CD31 (endothelial cell marker), desmin (perivascular cell markers), and CA-IX (hypoxia marker), we found a site-dependent effect on tumor vasculature and hypoxia in response to CXCR4 inhibition, with statistically significant changes or strong trends only in the metastatic PCa lesions (Figure 5).