HDAC9 and Cerebral ischemia: Such a mechanism of NF-κB signaling interruption and subsequent protection of the BBB has been demonstrated in a rat model of cerebral ischemia upon administration of valproate [77], a broad HDAC inhibitor, or RGFP966, an HDAC3-specific inhibitor [143], suggesting that SCFAs, being HDAC inhibitors, can suppress NF-κB by the same mechanism (Figure 2).