PPARA and fetal growth restriction: On the contrary, He et al. reported significantly higher PPARα mRNA and protein expression levels that inversely correlated with the 11β-HSD2 protein level in preeclamptic placentae [82], while Holdsworth-Carson et al. showed that placental PPARα protein was significantly increased in placentae from women that delivered preterm with co-existing intrauterine growth restriction and preeclampsia [83].