LRRK2 and Parkinson disease: However, astrocytic dysfunctions, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy impairment, and apoptosis, are commonly observed in pathological conditions in gene mutations associated with PD, such as DJ-1, α-synuclein, LRRK2, PINK1, and parkin, as well as experimental PD models using toxicants, such as paraquat, rotenone, MPTP/MPP+, and 6-OHDA (Figure 1).