Impaired mitophagy in Parkin- and PINK1-deficient astrocytes might further lead to a decrease in astrocyte proliferation and decreased GFAP-positive astrocytes in the substantia nigra, potentially contributing to the development of PD due to the delay of astrocyte-mediated repair of the brain microenvironment [10,77]. The gene discussed is PINK1; the disease is Parkinson disease.