PINK1 and Parkinson disease: PD pathogenesis can occur from environmental factors such as pesticide exposure, head trauma, or aging [23] and can also be the result of genetic mutations, with an increasing list of genes and mutations related to familial PD, comprising autosomal dominant forms like SNCA, LRRK2, or VPS35 and autosomal recessive genes like PRKN, PINK1, PARK7, and DJ1 mutations (Table 1).