Retinal injury—neuroprotection: Although inhibition of p38 or ERK has been shown to confer significant protection from ischemic damage as assessed by retinal cell layer thickness and apoptosis measurement [25], seemingly conflicting effects of p38 signaling having neuroprotective action have been also reported in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury [98]. The gene discussed is MAPK1; the disease is retinal ischemia.