MAPK1 and dry eye syndrome: In a rabbit DED model, the Chinese plant, Esculetin, reduced inflammation and dry eye symptoms through specific inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway [161], and recently it has been reported that an oral administration of Dendrobium officinale extract downregulated the phosphorylation of ERK in human corneal keratocytes and upregulated various aquaporins, while its oral administration in rats enhanced tear production and had a protective effect on ocular surface damage [162].