INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Several studies about T2DM pathology showed that ROS and oxidative stress are among the crucial ones responsible for the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, glucose utilization, abnormal hepatic glucose production, and ultimately overt T2DM by activation of various pro-inflammatory mediators, transcriptional mediated molecular and metabolic pathway including hexosamine pathways, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation, and protein kinase C beta type (PKCβ1/2) [103,104].