ATF5 and central nervous system cancer: Huang et al. [31] reported no significant difference in ATF5 mRNA levels between normal cortex and low-grade gliomas and a 5–6-fold elevation in anaplastic gliomas and GBM, while Wang et al. [40] observed significantly increased ATF5 mRNA levels with increasing tumor grade with elevations of 50% in low-grade glioma, 2-fold in anaplastic glioma and 3-fold in GBM.