TNF and infection: Due to the infection, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-17 (IL-17), chemokines, and others such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (INF-γ) in the bloodstream are often much higher than normal elevated levels occurring during infection [11,13].