Several methods for determining PARP-1 levels in biological material have been developed, including the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), which showed PARP-1 levels to be low in normal ovarian cells (6.78 ng∙mL−1) and elevated in the presence of ovarian cancer (84.75 ng∙mL−1) [21]. The gene discussed is PARP1; the disease is ovarian carcinoma.