TNF and polycystic ovary syndrome: In this regard, critical signaling pathways and transduction can be affected in PCOS, including the TNF signaling [66], androgen receptor (AR) signaling [1], cAMP signal transduction [67], estrogen signal transduction [68], insulin signaling [69], MAPK signaling [70], and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways [71].