Examination of the epigenetic regulation of human mitochondrial mtTFA, associated by its function with oxidative stress and inflammation, revealed groups of silenced (AIMP1, IFNG, LTA, LTB, TNF) and activated genes (BMP2, CCL2, IL5, VEGFA) for both LC and COPD [264]. Here, VEGFA is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.