TNF and melanoma: In other studies, the expression of the EphA2 ligand ephrin-A1 was also elevated in melanoma in 67% of metastatic melanomas and 43% of progressed primary melanomas, where the expression was enhanced by inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, and it was postulated to play a role in tumour angiogenesis via interaction with EphA2 on endothelial cells [8,96].