TNF and lung carcinoma: Non-toxic doses of vaccinic and trans-palmitoleic acid were reported to attenuate TNF and IL-8 gene expression in liver cancer cells, pretreated with TNF-α to mimic the effect of low-grade inflammation and non-toxic doses of CLA mixtures decreased TNF-α and IL-1β secretion and PGE-2 release in lung cancer cells [78,165], probably mediated through PPARα [165].