TNF and liver cancer: In vivo, in a mouse model of liver cancer, a diet rich in SFAs (mainly metabolized into palmitic acid) increased the incidence of liver cancer and hepatocyte proliferation, which was accompanied by increased liver macrophage infiltration as well as by elevated NF-κB, cyclin D1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1 expression levels in the livers [39].