IL4 and colitis: In animal studies, oral administration of GSPE has been shown to attenuate TNBS-induced colitis in rats by downregulating inflammatory mediators, inhibiting inflammatory cell infiltration and oxidation damage, promoting tissue repair, decreasing IL-1β concentration, and increasing the production of anti-inflammatory IL-2 and IL-4, antioxidant enzyme activities and levels of glutathione [13,61].