In addition to CC ligands, the multifunctional receptor CCR5 is strongly expressed in fibroblasts from fibrotic lobes, but this expression is less dramatic in ILDs other than IPF [55], further demonstrating the intricate connection of CCLs, CCRs, immune cells and abnormally activated fibroblasts. Here, CXCR1 is linked to idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.