HSPA5 and infection: Following virus propagation in Vero-E6 cells (Figure 1A) and infection at 0.001 and 0.01 MOI in Caco-2 cells, BiP (an HSP70 molecular chaperone localized in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen) expression (Figure 1B) was upregulated (0.001 MOI of SARS-CoV-2, 0.96 ± 0.02, p < 0.001 and 0.01 MOI of SARS-CoV-2, 1.02 ± 0.03, p < 0.001) compared to mock.