TNF and dementia: Qi et al. [65], in a randomized clinical trial involving 88 patients diagnosed with VD (44 of them assigned to treatment with butylphthalide plus idebenone as the observational group, and 44 to idebenone as the control group), showed a higher degree of improvement in MMSE, clinical dementia rating scale (CDRS), and ability of daily life (ADL), and a higher decrease in serum IL6, C reactive protein, TNFα, IL1β, CD31+, CDl44+, and endothelin-1 levels in the observational group compared with the control group.