Interestingly, mRNA expression for FOXO1, a transcription factor involved in the regulation of insulin signaling; for IL-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine; and for NOX5, a pro-oxidant enzyme, was elevated in retinal arterioles exposed to hyperglycemia, indicative of an inflammatory and pro-oxidant state in the vascular wall. Here, NOX5 is linked to Hyperglycemia.