OTUD1 and infection: Thus, the induction of mRNAs encoding IFNβ, TNF-α, and IL-6 was upregulated upon infection with RNA viruses such as Sendai virus (SeV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), but not by a DNA virus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), in Otud1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and mice, as compared to the responses in the wild-type (WT) counterparts.