TGFB1 and neoplasm: The enhancement of glycolytic metabolism is mediated by TGF-β, with TGF-β/Wnt inhibiting the expression of cytochrome C oxidase and resulting in increased glycolysis, which downregulates tumor surface antigens such as HLA-DR, NKG2DL and intercellular adhesion molecule 1, impairing immune cell infiltration and leading to tumor cells escaping from immune surveillance [96].