It has been demonstrated that BM-MSCs could induce a switch in macrophage phenotype from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, which generates IL-1 and TGF-β, to the anti-inflammatory and chondrogenic phenotype, which produces IL-10, IL-rheumatoid arthritis, and TGF-β [49]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and rheumatoid arthritis.