Furthermore, a recent preclinical study demonstrated that agonists of the TGFβ family member bone morphogenetic protein 4 could oppose TGFβ-induced effector dysfunction in human T cells and improve response to PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade in mice, suggesting alternative approaches to blocking the inhibitory effects of TGFβ on anti-cancer immunity [75]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.