TNF and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: Although COVID-19 has been reported as a cytokine-storm driven disease [26], the levels of the classical sepsis-associated proteins, i.e., IL6, CXCL8 (Interleukin-8), IL10, IL12, TNF, and IFNγ, did not reach the same magnitude as in CAP-sepsis, non-pneumonia sepsis or septic shock (Fig. 2C).