NLRP3 and infection: The internalization of the parasites after 2 h of infection was not affected by the deficiency of GSDMD, NLRP3, or Caspase-1/11, but macrophages lacking any of these genes were more susceptible to intracellular replication of the parasite as observed after 48 h and 72 h of infection (Fig. 4a, b).