Once the tumor has developed, other TGF-β responses unrelated to its cytostatic function then supposedly prevail presumably in a manner that facilitates PDAC invasion and metastasis (Bardeesy et al., 2006b; Feng and Derynck, 2005; Ijichi et al., 2006; Massagué, 2008). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.