TNF and neoplasm: The development of lung and breast carcinomas is associated with the activation of some vital pro-inflammatory biomarkers, including cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12), chemokines, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandins, C-reactive protein (CRP) [91], inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO), which facilitate tumor initiation and progression [3,92].