TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: During the pathogenesis of IBD, including UC and Crohn’s Disease (CD), various cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (INF-γ), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-β) are secreted from activated macrophages and dendritic cells to control the inflammatory response [41,42].