In IPF lungs, upregulated TGF-β signaling in fibroblasts promotes glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) mRNA expression through the Smad2/3 pathway, activates glycolysis, and the product lactate activates latent TGF-β by altering microenvironmental PH, to meet the energy requirements of abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts and ECM synthesis, and promote fibrosis [106]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.