recently revealed oxidized DNA encapsulated by T. cruzi-induced extracellular vesicles (TEvs) is an important PAMP sensed by cGAS rather than TLR9, which was necessary for PARP1-dependent NF-κB activation and proinflammatory macrophages response leading to severe chronic inflammatory pathology in Chagas disease (128). This evidence concerns the gene CGAS and Chagas disease.