TNF and infection: Pathogenic infection and poly(I:C) challenge experiments indicated that in macrophages, intestine cells, and kidney cells of miiuy croaker after SCRV infection, the relative expression of levels miR-3570, miR-122, or miR-21-3p were completely opposite to that of MAVS. Hence, the expression level promoted viral replication by inhibiting the production of IFNs and antiviral genes (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, and Mx1), ultimately inhibiting the organism’s antiviral response and promoting the replication of SCRV (25–27).