NOD1 and infection: Specifically, NARL competitively binds to miR-217-5p in order to counteract its inhibition of NOD1 by exerting a sponge effect after LPS stimulation or SCRV infection, indicating that miR-217-5p and NARL have competitive relationships with MmiNOD1. It is generally acknowledged that NOD1 activates the NF-κB pathways to promote host production of multiple inflammatory cytokines to resist bacterial invasion in fish.