• Sargramostim vs SoC: • No nosocomial infections in sargramostim-treated group (p<0.05)• For children who received SoC, IP reversal required > 7 days in the PICU• For children who received sargramostim: • IP reversal occurred in < 7 days • Rapid recovery of ex-vivo LPS-induced TNF-α production (200 pg/mL) compared with children who received SoC (p=0.001). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is nosocomial infection.