In IBD, the CD is thought to be caused mainly by the Th1 immune response, characterized by IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12-mediated intestinal inflammation, while UC is associated with Th2 response, with IL-5 and IL-13 dominating in inflammation mediation (Ramos and Papadakis, 2019). Here, TNF is linked to irritable bowel syndrome.