AKT1 and congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation: It is uncertain how the PI3K-AKT and NF-kappa B signaling pathways contribute to the evolution of CAVD, although a number of in vitro studies have demonstrated that variations in NF-kappa B pathway (25–27) and PI3K-AKT pathway (28, 29) activity play an important role in CAVD.