Increased phosphorylation levels of FAK, paxillin, p130Cas, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2), and Akt were observed in the U-251MG-GD3S(+) cell lines (highly expressing GD3 and GD2), which may be related to the malignant properties of human gliomas, including significantly promoted cell invasion activity and motility as well as cell growth (Iwasawa et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and central nervous system cancer.