GCL_TI specifically upregulates RG markers TNC, HOPX, PTPRZ1, and VIM, astrocyte markers CLU, LGALS1, as well as genes involved in migration and glioma network formation such as CD44, SPARC, and GAP43 (One peak) (Fig. 5d and Supplementary Data 9). Here, VIM is linked to central nervous system cancer.