All three patients had high levels of anti-GM-CSF auto-Abs (with P3 plasma showing the highest levels), in the range of the positive control, whereas none of the healthy individuals, the APS-1 patient, or the patient with auto-Abs against IFN-γ had auto-Abs against GM-CSF (Fig. 2a and Supplementary Fig. 1). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1.