Chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid inhibit IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α at certain concentrations by inhibiting the activity of monocytes (Calmus et al., 1992), while lithocholic acid downregulates NF-κB activity via vitamin D receptors in colon cancer cells (Sun et al., 2008). Here, VDR is linked to malignant colon neoplasm.