CCL2 and sarcopenia: Apart from being used as a biomarker of inflammation, the BDNF is increased in patients with MHD with sarcopenia and frailty (39, 40), BMP-2 is associated with increased oxidative stress and vascular risk (41), and MCP-1 has been used as a marker of structural kidney damage as well as arteriogenic factor in patients with MHD with cardiovascular disease (42–44).