ASD, autism spectrum disorder; ID, intellectual disability; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; IDD, intellectual developmental disability; IDD-E, intellectual developmental disability and epilepsy; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; EFMR, epilepsy and mental retardation limited to females; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; IL, interleukin. Here, MTOR is linked to intervertebral disk degenerative disorder.