In a study by Yang et al. [33] which included not only NGAL but also IL-10, TGF-β1, and TNF-α in patients with lupus nephritis, it was concluded that TGF-β1 and TNF-α were elevated in urine and lupus nephritis but also in other autoimmune diseases, and NGAL in SLE with nephritis also positively correlated with serum creatinine, and they also concluded that u/NGAL was a highly sensitive and specific as a predictor of renal impairment compared to anti ds DNA Ab. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus.